The amplifiers

. выносить; лучше выдерживать

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This material will stand the operating conditions.

•

The metal forming the hydride should hold up under many cycles of charging and discharging.

•

Pure quicklime sustains a temperature of about 2900 К without decomposition.

•

These objects must stand up to tremendous impact forces.

•

These materials can tolerate (or endure, or stand up to) high heat and rough handling.

•

Joints made with these electrodes will withstand bending and stretching operations satisfactorily.

•

The material withstands temperatures up to 1260°C without loss of properties.

•

Weights up to 500 Ib can be supported on the worktable.

•

In an automotive environment, semiconductor chips have to contend with temperatures from -40° to 125°C, high humidity, salt and oil sprays, and vibration.

•

Titanium carbide will tolerate (or withstand) wide variations in cutting speed.

•

The amplifiers survived the shock very well.

•

The solution was allowed (or left) to stand for 9 hours.

•

The catalyst was conditioned for 16 hours under a high vacuum.

•

The solution was "aged" for 24hr by standing at room temperature.

•

The furnace temperature was lowered and the specimens were held at 850°C for three days for the terminal etching of the grain boundaries.

•

The process is accomplished by heating the metal to a high temperature, holding it at this temperature until...

•

To season wood...

* * *

 The principal question to be answered was just how well and how long this type of engine would stand up to the marine environment.

 All these specimens survived a prescribed number of thermal cycles.

 Specimens lasted 3000 cycles in mercury at stress levels giving 300,000 cycles in air.

 The maximum shear stress it can withstand is about 40 MPa.

 The choice of teflon as a coating was based on its ability to tolerate temperatures up to about 290°C.

— выдерживать в допустимых пределах

— выдерживать даже с большей точностью

— выдерживать испытание временем

— выдерживать испытания

— выдерживать минимальным

— выдерживать нагрузку

— выдерживать при

— выдерживать семь изданий

—выдерживать точные допуски на

— не выдержал проверки

— должен быть в состоянии выдерживать

— должен быть способен выдерживать

— способный выдерживать

— точно выдерживая

. выносить; лучше выдерживать

•

This material will stand the operating conditions.

•

The metal forming the hydride should hold up under many cycles of charging and discharging.

•

Pure quicklime sustains a temperature of about 2900 К without decomposition.

•

These objects must stand up to tremendous impact forces.

•

These materials can tolerate (or endure, or stand up to) high heat and rough handling.

•

Joints made with these electrodes will withstand bending and stretching operations satisfactorily.

•

The material withstands temperatures up to 1260°C without loss of properties.

•

Weights up to 500 Ib can be supported on the worktable.

•

In an automotive environment, semiconductor chips have to contend with temperatures from -40° to 125°C, high humidity, salt and oil sprays, and vibration.

•

Titanium carbide will tolerate (or withstand) wide variations in cutting speed.

•

The amplifiers survived the shock very well.

•

The solution was allowed (or left) to stand for 9 hours.

•

The catalyst was conditioned for 16 hours under a high vacuum.

•

The solution was "aged" for 24hr by standing at room temperature.

•

The furnace temperature was lowered and the specimens were held at 850°C for three days for the terminal etching of the grain boundaries.

•

The process is accomplished by heating the metal to a high temperature, holding it at this temperature until...

•

To season wood...

•

Operations were conducted at half capacity.

•

The amplifiers operate at half power.

•

Operations were conducted at half capacity.

•

The amplifiers operate at half power.

(n.) = audio amplifier, audio amplifier

Ex. This particular property is used, for instance, in audio amplifiers, and the transistor effect is also used in computers.

Ex. This particular property is used, for instance, in audio amplifiers, and the transistor effect is also used in computers.

* * *

condensing.

condenser, capacitor.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 condensing

► nombre masculino condensador

1 ELECTRICIDAD condenser

► nombre masculino

1 ELECTRICIDAD condenser

* * *

SM condenser

* * *

masculino condenser

* * *

= capacitor, condenser.

Ex. The first transistors were individual devices with wires joining them to other electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and other transistors.

Ex. Condensers may be used in amplifiers, and amplifiers may be used in recording apparatus, but we are given no guidance as to which of these is the primary facet.

* * *

masculino condenser

* * *

* * *

condenser

* * *

* * *

♦ adj

condensing

♦ nm

condenser

* * *

m condenser

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording, Telecommunications

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Black graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, in 1921 and joined the Western Electric Company laboratories (later the Bell Telephone Laboratories) in New York City. There he worked on a variety of electronic-communication problems. His major contribution was the discovery in 1927 that the application of negative feedback to an amplifier, whereby a fraction of the output signal is fed back to the input in the opposite phase, not only increases the stability of the amplifier but also has the effect of reducing the magnitude of any distortion introduced by it. This discovery has found wide application in the design of audio hi-fi amplifiers and various control systems, and has also given valuable insight into the way in which many animal control functions operate.

During the Second World War he developed a form of pulse code modulation (PCM) to provide a practicable, secure telephony system for the US Army Signal Corps. From 1963–6, after his retirement from the Bell Labs, he was Principal Research Scientist with General Precision Inc., Little Falls, New Jersey, following which he became an independent consultant in communications. At the time of his death he held over 300 patents.

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See also: Bode, Hendrik Wade; Nyquist, Harry

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

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Nyquist (original family name Nykvist) emigrated from Sweden to the USA when he was 18 years old and settled in Minnesota. After teaching for a time, he studied electrical engineering at the University of North Dakota, gaining his first and Master's degrees in 1915 and 1916, and his PhD from Yale in 1917. He then joined the American Telegraph \& Telephone Company, moving to its Bell Laboratories in 1934 and remaining there until his retirement in 1954. A prolific inventor, he made many contributions to communication engineering, including the invention of vestigial-side band transmission. In the late 1920s he analysed the behaviour of analogue and digital signals in communication circuits, and in 1928 he showed that the thermal noise per unit bandwidth is given by 4 kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant and T the absolute temperature. However, he is best known for the Nyquist Criterion, which defines the conditions necessary for the stable, oscillation-free operation of amplifiers with a closed feedback loop. The problem of how to realize these conditions was investigated by his colleague Hendrik Bode.

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See also: Shannon, Claude Elwood

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording

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He received his education at Dulwich College and in 1922 graduated with a BSc from University College, London. He had an early interest in the application of valve amplifiers, and after graduating he was employed by J.E.Hough, Edison Bell Works, to develop a line of radio-receiving equipment. However, he became interested in the mechanical (and later electrical) side of recording and from 1925 developed principles and equipment. In particular he developed capacitor microphones, not only for in-house work but also commercially, until the mid-1930s. The Edison Bell company did not survive the Depression and closed in 1933. Voigt founded his own company, Voigt Patents Ltd, concentrating on loudspeakers for cinemas and developing horn loudspeakers for domestic use. During the Second World War he continued to develop loudspeaker units and gramophone pick-ups, and in 1950 he emigrated to Toronto, Canada, but his company closed. Voigt taught electronics, and from 1960 to 1969 he was employed by the Radio Regulations Laboratory in Ottawa. After retirement he worked with theoretical cosmology and fundamental interactions.

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(n.) = disc drive [disk drive], record deck

Ex. Is the hardware configuration required by the software available, for example, amount of storage, number and capacity of disc drives, addressable screen cursors etc?.

Ex. This article describes the design which can accommodate up to 5 tape decks, 2 record decks and 7 amplifiers.

* * *

* * *

amplifying.

amplifier ( electricity and electronics).

* * *

► adjetivo

1 amplifying

► nombre masculino amplificador

1 amplifier

► nombre masculino

1 amplifier

* * *

SM amplifier

* * *

masculino amplifier

* * *

= amplifier.

Ex. This article describes the design which can accommodate up to 5 tape decks, 2 record decks and 7 amplifiers.

----

* amplificador acústico = audio amplifier.

* amplificador de sonido = audio amplifier, audio amplifier.

* * *

masculino amplifier

* * *

* * *

‹aparato/circuito› amplifying ( before n)

amplifier

signal amplifier o booster

preamplifier

* * *

* * *

♦ adj

amplifying

♦ nm

amplifier

* * *

m amplifier

* * *

amplificador nm

: amplifier

(n.) = audio amplifier

Ex. This particular property is used, for instance, in audio amplifiers, and the transistor effect is also used in computers.

* * *

(n.) = tape deck

Ex. This article describes the design which can accommodate up to 5 tape decks, 2 record decks and 7 amplifiers.

* * *

1) Общая лексика: range migration algorithm, (Return Material Authorization) разрешение на возврат материалов (при продаже с гарантией)

2) Компьютерная техника: Resource Management Agent, Return My Abit, Returned Merchandise Authorization

3) Медицина: right mento-anterior

4) Американизм: Risk Management Agency

5) Военный термин: Regional Manpower Administration, Reliability, Maintainability, Availability, Restricted Machine Access, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Royal Malta Artillery, Royal Marine Academy, Royal Marine Artillery, Royal Military Academy, rear maintenance area, reliability, maintainability, and availability, reserve military aviator

6) Техника: Reactive Modulation-type Amplifiers, random multiple access, remote management agent, remote manipulator arm

7) Математика: Rate Monotonic Analysis

8) Юридический термин: The Resource Management Act

9) Торговля: номер гарантийного возврата

10) Грубое выражение: Royal, My Ass

11) Сокращение: Radio Manufacturers' Association, Return Materials Authorization, Revolution in Military Affairs (PRC term), Revolution in Military Affairs, Rubber Manufacturers' Association, Return Merchandise Authorization

12) Университет: Really Messed Assignment

13) Электроника: Reactive Modulation Amplifiers, Rosin Mildly Activated

14) Нефть: надёжность, ремонтопригодность эксплуатационная готовность (reliability, maintainability, availability)

15) Деловая лексика: Returned Materials Authorization

16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Russian Maritime Administration

17) Сетевые технологии: код гарантийного возврата

18) Полимеры: Rubber Manufacturing Association, rubber modified acrylic

19) Программирование: монотонный анализ частот (сокр. от Rate Monotonic Analysis)

20) Химическое оружие: Rocky Mountain Arsenal (Colorado)

21) Расширение файла: Return to Manufacturer Authorization

22) Нефть и газ: обычная (стандартная) глинокислота, обычная ( стандартная) грязевая кислота (сокр. от regular mud acid)

23) Снабжение: return material authorization

24) Аэропорты: Roma, Queensland, Australia

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

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Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.

During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.

Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.

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SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording, Telecommunications

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From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.

The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.

In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.

In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.

The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.

The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.

From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.

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. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать

•

We will show how these numbers can be put to use.

•

Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.

•

Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.

•

The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.

•

These projects can draw on the data from five tests.

•

The new relay employs three sets of contacts.

•

We shall follow this method.

•

To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...

•

This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.

•

The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.

•

These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.

•

This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.

•

At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.

•

Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.

•

With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.

•

This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.

•

These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.

•

Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.

•

Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.

•

We make use of the generalized invariants.

•

The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.

•

The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.

•

We can draw on the equation of general relativity to calculate...

•

The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.

•

Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.

•

If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.

•

This prevents defective parts from being put into service.

•

When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...

. воспользоваться; максимально использовать; можно использовать; наиболее эффективно использовать; пользоваться; применять; широко использовать

•

We will show how these numbers can be put to use.

•

Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.

•

Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.

•

The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.

•

These projects can draw on the data from five tests.

•

The new relay employs three sets of contacts.

•

We shall follow this method.

•

To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...

•

This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.

•

The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.

•

These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.

•

This nonreciprocity has as yet not been turned to useful account in antennas.

•

At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.

•

Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.

•

With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.

•

This offers the possibility of putting hydrides to work in heat pumps.

•

These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.

•

Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.

•

Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.

•

We make use of the generalized invariants.

•

The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.

•

The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.

•

We can draw on the equation of general relativity to calculate...

•

The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.

•

Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.

•

If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.

•

This prevents defective parts from being put into service.

•

When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...

* * *

 Under these circumstances, we can employ the data from this experiment to establish limits for heat fluxes.

 These diffusers exploit the centrifugal forces acting on a swirling throughflow to enhance mixing and combustion.

 Each engine will be provided with a control unit which makes use of modern electronic techniques (... в котором используется...).

 Two independent methods were applied to eliminate any possible error in fringe order determination.

 The work of L. [...] was drawn on for the design of turbine blades.

 However, the theoretical magnitude is far from correct and we must rely on experimental values for the coefficient C.

— безразлично, что использовать

— вместо... можно использовать

— выгодно использовать

— возможность выгодно использовать

— голословно использовать в качестве доказательства

— давать право использовать

— достаточно использовать

— если мы хотим использовать его с уверенностью

— желательно использовать

— заманчиво использовать

— запрещается использовать

— использовать... для многих целей

— использовать в качестве

— использовать в качестве основы

— использовать в практике проектирования

— использовать вместо

— использовать возможность

— использовать все его возможности

— использовать для разных целей

— использовать информацию строго конфиденциально

— использовать одинаковую систему обозначений

— использовать по назначению

— использовать повторно

— использовать по-разному

— использовать принцип

— использовать с выгодой

— использовать совместно с

— которые можно было сразу же использовать в

— который следует использовать при

— максимально использовать

— не использовать для

— не позволяют использовать

— не рекомендуется использовать

— не следует использовать для

— нельзя использовать где-либо ещё

— обычно используют

— очень хорошо использовать для этого

— первым использовал

— позволяет использовать

— позволяет использовать способность

— полезно учесть влияние..., используя

— полностью использовать возможности

— полностью использовать преимущества

— поэтому для того, чтобы..., требовалось использовать

— приходится использовать

— разрешается использовать только

— результаты можно без изменения использовать в случае

— следует использовать в максимальной степени

— чтобы можно было использовать..., необходимо знать

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

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He was a very bright scholar and received a BSc in electrical technology from City and Guilds College in 1923. He joined International Western Electric (later to become Standard Telephone and Cables) in 1924 after a period as an instructor/demonstrator at City and Guilds. He was instrumental in the design of telephone measuring equipment and in international committee work for standards for long-distance telephony.

From 1929 Blumlein was employed by the Columbia Graphophone Company to develop an electric recording cutterhead that would be independent of Western Electric's patents for the system developed by Maxfield and Harrison. He attacked the problems in a most systematic fashion, and within a year he had developed a moving-coil cutterhead that was much more linear than the iron-cored systems known at the time. Eventually Blumlein designed a complete line of recording equipment, from microphone and through-power amplifiers. The design was used by Columbia; after the merger with the Gramophone Company in 1931 to form Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd (later known as EMI) it became the company standard, certainly for coarse-groove records, until c.1950.

Blumlein became interested in stereophony (binaural sound), and developed and demonstrated a complete line of equipment, from correctly placed microphones via two-channel records and stereo pick-ups to correctly placed loudspeakers. The advent of silent surfaces of vinyl records made this approach commercial from the late 1950s. His approach was independent and quite different from that of A.C. Keller.

His extreme facility for creating innovative solutions to electronic problems was used in EMI's development from 1934 to 1938 of the electronic television system, which became the BBC standard of 405 lines after the Second World War, when television broadcasting again became possible. Independent of official requirements, EMI developed a 60 MHz radar system and Blumlein was involved in the development of a centimetric radar and display system. It was during testing of this aircraft mounted equipment that he was killed in a crash.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

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Following education at Stockport Grammar School, Williams entered Manchester University in 1929, gaining his BSc in 1932 and MSc in 1933. After a short time as a college apprentice with Metropolitan Vickers, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, to study for a DPhil, which he was awarded in 1936. He returned to Manchester University that year as an assistant lecturer, gaining his DSc in 1939. Following the outbreak of the Second World War he worked for the Scientific Civil Service, initially at the Bawdsey Research Station and then at the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Malvern, Worcestershire. There he was involved in research on non-incandescent amplifiers and diode rectifiers and the development of the first practical radar system capable of identifying friendly aircraft. Later in the war, he devised an automatic radar system suitable for use by fighter aircraft.

After the war he resumed his academic career at Manchester, becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the University Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1946. In the same year he succeeded in developing a data-memory device based on the cathode ray tube, in which the information was stored and read by electron-beam scanning of a charge-retaining target. The Williams storage tube, as it became known, not only found obvious later use as a means of storing single-frame, still television images but proved to be a vital component of the pioneering Manchester University MkI digital computer. Because it enabled both data and program instructions to be stored in the computer, it was soon used worldwide in the development of the early stored-program computers.

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